Question

2
In humans, pancreatic cells synthesize the protein insulin in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Patients
diagnosed with type 1 diabetes have immune systems that mistakenly attack their pancreatic cells
Therefore, these patients cannot produce the hormone insulin and have to take medications to introduce
insulin into their bodies (a) Describe how insulin would be produced in a normal functioning (non-type 1
diabetes) pancreatic cell

Answer 1

Insulin is a hormone synthesized by the pancreatic cells and the absence of which leads to a type 1 diabetes.

Diabetes is a disease condition that occurs when the body fails to produce enough insulin or when the body cannot use the insulin produced by the pancreas.

Insulin production by the pancreatic cells (islet of Langerhans) follows the usual cell machinery for protein synthesis.

It include the following steps:

• Ribosomes translates insulin RNA to form insulin preprohormone.
• The preprohormone is cleaved in the endoplasmic reticulum to form a lower molecular weight proinsulin.
• The proinsulin is futher cleaved in the golgi apparatus to form insulin and peptuide fragments.
• The insulin is the packaged in secretory granules.

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