Answer:
Behavioral and psychological factors — for example, physical activity, smoking and other health behaviors, cognitive and social engagement, personality, and psychosocial stress — play a critical role in health across the lifespan. Studies have shown that up to 50% of preventable deaths in the U.S. can be attributed to adverse health behaviors such as smoking as well as unhealthy diet that result in obesity. Social factors, such as social relationships and socioeconomic circumstances, have a similarly important impact on health and well-being. For example, subjective feelings of loneliness are known to be a risk factor for serious functional declines and even death, and converging lines of evidence from multiple cross-national epidemiological studies indicate that social isolation is a major risk factor for morbidity and premature mortality. And the relationship between personality — relatively stable individual differences in dispositions to think, feel, and act in particular ways — and aging-related outcomes has been well documented: Conscientiousness is related both to longevity and to the development of AD, and neuroticism is linked to health in both positive and negative ways. A more comprehensive understanding of the causal pathways through which behavior, personality, social relationships, and socioeconomic circumstances are associated with health and well-being outcomes may suggest novel targets for intervention.
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