Question

Explain how cyanide caused Jared’s symptoms (e.g., muscle weakness).

Answer 1

Answer:

Cyanide may cause muscle weakness because tissues are not able to use oxygen for cellular respiration

Explanation:

Cyanide is a highly toxic compound that inhibits cellular respiration by inactivating cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria, which is a key enzyme responsible for oxidative metabolism and energy production. Thus, cyanide consumption decreases the utilization of oxygen by muscle cells, thereby causing weakness. The symptoms of cyanide poisoning include, among others, weakness, malaise, visual disturbances, muscle pains, etc.

Answer 2

Cyanide is a toxic compound that inactivates cytochrome oxydase, interrupting the electron transporter chain. Because aerobic respiration is inhibited, no ATP is produced, causing Jared's symptoms of weakness.

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Under normal conditions,

• Heart bombing, pulmonary inhaling-exhaling, among other muscular actions, constantly consume energy.

• Muscles consume oxygen to produce ATP as a source of energy.

• Cells produce ATP through the cellular respiration process. This process involves the electron transporter chain.

• The electron transporter chain is located in the internal mitochondrial membrane. It constitutes a series of enzymatic reactions to release and save energy for the correct functioning of the organism.

• Along the chain, there are four proteinic complexes in the membrane, I, II, III, and IV, that contain the electrons transporters and the enzymes necessary to catalyze the electrons' transference from one complex to the other.

• Cytochrome oxidase (P450) is one of the enzymes involved in this electron transport, which ends in producing energy.

Under cyanide effect,

• Ion cyanide is a powerful cellular poison that inhibits cellular respiration.

• Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of cytochrome oxidase.

• Cyanide-ferric binding inactivates the enzyme, and blocking electron transference.

• The chain is interrupted, leading no oxygen consumption and no ATP production.

• Since muscles do not get to have ATP as a source of energy, they weaken.

• The interruption of the electron transporter chain produces an anaerobic state that could be culminating.

• Cyanide acts in the central nervous system affecting the gray matter, the hippocampus, the striatum, and the corpus callosum.

• The heart function lasts longer than respiratory function.

• Death occurs due to respiratory failure, which occurs in seconds or minutes, depending on the dose of cyanide ingested.

Beside muscle weackness, other poisoning symptoms are anxiety, feeling dizzy, headache, nausea, vomiting, sweating, dyspnea, tachycardia and hypertension.

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