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Russia uses executive power. The executive branch is headed by the Russian council of ministers. This council consists of the prime minister who is elected by the president of Russia, deputy prime minister and federal ministries. If the President of Russia should be incapacitated or die, the prime minister would succeed as president.
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In theory, Russia is a federal, democratic state.
In practice, it is believed that virtually all power in Russia is in the hands of its president, Vladimir Putin.
Putin has ruled Russia since the year 2000.
Since Putin took power in Russia, he has been accused of eroding human rights and democratic freedoms in the country.
On paper, Russia is a federal democratic state. In practice, however, many regard it as a dictatorship built around one man, President Vladimir Putin, who has been the leader of the Russian Federation since the year 2000. Russia has all the working parts of a democratic state, but since Putin took power, experts believe these working parts have been made to serve him and those close to him. Today, many believe that Putin now controls all levers of power in the country.
Post-Soviet Russia’s Democratic Institutions
On December 25, 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. The Russian Federation, formerly the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was one of 15 former Soviet republics to become independent. From this point onward, Russia began a chaotic transition from a communist dictatorship to a capitalist, multiparty democracy.
In 1993, a new constitution was ratified, formally making the country into a federal, democratic republic. This constitution supposedly protects people’s fundamental human rights, such as freedom of expression and freedom of association. Article 10 of the constitution mentions the executive, legislative, and judicial branches that one would expect to find in any modern democracy, as well as the powers of those branches. It also proclaims the independence of the three branches.
The executive branch of Russia’s government is headed by the President. The President of the Russian Federation is supposed to be the ultimate guarantor of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the Russian people. He or she is responsible for maintaining the country’s sovereignty, coordinating the function and interaction of state bodies, determining the basic objectives of both foreign and domestic policy, and representing Russia on the international stage. The Russian President is also the commander-in-chief of the country’s armed forces. He or she is directly elected by Russia’s voters for a term of six years.
Federation Council building in Moscow, Russia. Image credit: VAUko/Shutterstock
It is the job of the Russian President to appoint a Prime Minister, which must be approved by the State Duma, the lower house of Russia’s parliament, known as the Federal Assembly. The Prime Minister then appoints members of his or her cabinet, who head government ministries and departments, such as the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Article 94 of the Russian constitution puts legislative power in the hands of the Federal Assembly, which is a bicameral legislature composed of two houses. The lower house is the previously-mentioned State Duma, and the upper house is called the Federation Council. The State Duma is composed of 450 members, who are elected for terms of five years. The Federation Council consists of two representatives from each constituent entity of the Russian Federation. One representative represents the legislative branches of the constituent entities, and the other represents the executives of those entities. Also, the Russian President has the right to appoint his own representatives to the Federation Council, so long as their numbers do not exceed 10% of all its members.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation also establishes a judicial branch that is supposed to act independently of the executive and legislative branches of government. The highest courts in Russia are the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Judges of both the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court are appointed by the Federation Council based on a proposal by the Russian President. The Russian President also appoints the judges of the federal courts.
The Emergence Of Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Putin in 2017. Image credit: Frederic Legrand - COMEO/Shutterstock
Between 1991 and 2000, Russia’s transition to democracy was chaotic and fraught with challenges. The economy was contracting, so many Russians found themselves poor and destitute. The country was also suppressing an armed, separatist rebellion in the Republic of Chechnya, one of Russia’s federal entities, located in the south of the country. Nevertheless, Russia was emerging as a vibrant, multiparty democracy. That is, until shortly after the turn of the century.
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