Answer:
2) the taxpayer shows negligence or disregard of the rules or regulations, causing an underpayment.
Explanation:
When any taxpayer shows some negligence or if they disregard the rules and the regulations, causing an underpayment, then it leads to a penalty for the disregard or the negligence.
Also, when a taxpayer intentionally understates his or her tax by a larger of $5000 or a 10% of his / her correct tax, then it is an accuracy related penalty.
And, also the information related penalties which are levied for failure of taxpayer to pay the amount of tax owed by due date and also failure to filing the return by the due date.
Thus option (2) is correct.