The change in medieval art began with the weakening of the power of the Catholic Church and the gradual abandonment of the concept of theocentrism, which placed God as the center of the universe.
During this phase of change, one can notice the decrease in works built around religious themes, at that moment, although religiosity was still strong, one can perceive the adoption of the concept of anthropocentrism. As a result, the works stopped showing God as the center of the universe, in order to give more influence to the representation of the human figure and his influence in society and in the world, as a whole.
This is for Gothic.
Gothic art evolved in church architecture during the middle of the 12th century through two major styles of Gothic art: Early Gothic and Late Gothic.
Much of Gothic structural design reflects the practical solutions that masons found for problems caused by heavy arched roofs spread over wide spaces in the design of cathedrals. For example, they created ribbed vaults to support arched roofs made of lightweight stone panels. In addition, they created flying buttresses (angled stone supports) to strengthen the outer walls. They also created innovative structures, such as multiple levels, arches and pillars in the walls to enable enduring support for the roofs.
Early Gothic (1120 to 1200 CE): In this style of architecture, four levels can be seen: an arcade, a gallery, a triforium (a shallow arched gallery within an inner wall), and a clerestorey (wall built higher than the surrounding roofs so that windows can be added to light up the room). Sets of columns and arches were used to support the four levels, and they created an eye-pleasing harmony of appearance. Decorative window dividers and a variety of stained glass windows added to the beauty of the structures. The walls were supported by prominent flying buttresses, which stood outside the main walls.
Late Gothic (1200 to 1500 CE): This was a period of artistic growth. In this style of architecture, masons used much of the Early Gothic structure, but focused on artistic decorations, rather than on structural ideas. An S-shaped flame was added to the decorations in stone windows. Hence this style is also called Flamboyant architecture (from the French word “flambé” for flame). Additionally, the walls were covered by large areas of decorative glass.
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