Crime and Punishment: In a study of pleas and prison sentences, it is found that 45% of the subjects studied were sent to prison. Among those sent to prison, 40% chose to plead guilty. Among those not sent to prison, 55% chose to plead guilty.
(A) If one of the study subjects is randomly selected, find the probability of getting someone who was not sent to prison.
(B) If a study subject is randomly selected and it is then found that the subject entered a guilty plea, find the probability that this person was not sent to prison.

(b) If a study subject is randomly selected and it is then found that the subject entered a guilty plea, the probability that this person was not sent to prison is 0.63.

Step-by-step explanation:

We are given that in a study of pleas and prison sentences, it is found that 45% of the subjects studied were sent to prison. Among those sent to prison, 40% chose to plead guilty. Among those not sent to prison, 55% chose to plead guilty.

Let the probability that subjects studied were sent to prison = P(A) = 0.45

Let G = event that subject chose to plead guilty

So, the probability that the subjects chose to plead guilty given that they were sent to prison = P(G/A) = 0.40

and the probability that the subjects chose to plead guilty given that they were not sent to prison = P(G/A') = 0.55

(a) The probability of getting someone who was not sent to prison = 1 - Probability of getting someone who was sent to prison

P(A') = 1 - P(A)

= 1 - 0.45 = 0.55

(b) If a study subject is randomly selected and it is then found that the subject entered a guilty plea, the probability that this person was not sent to prison is given by = P(A'/G)

We will use Bayes' Theorem here to calculate the above probability;

P(A'/G) = [tex]\frac{P(A') \times P(G/A')}{P(A') \times P(G/A') +P(A) \times P(G/A)}[/tex]

= [tex]\frac{0.55 \times 0.55}{0.55\times 0.55 +0.45 \times 0.40}[/tex]

= [tex]\frac{0.3025}{0.4825}[/tex]

= 0.63