Scanner data are used in quantitative research obtained from scanner readings of Universal Product Code (UPC) labels at checkout counters. The data from these purchases are likely to be acquired by leading marketing research firms such as ___________, which use this information to help leading consumer packaged-goods firms (e.g., Kellogg’s, Pepsi, Kraft) assess what is happening in the marketplace. MediaMark Research and NOP World NOP World and Yankelovich Roper Center for Public Research and Research and Markets Yankelovich and Research and Markets IRI and Nielsen