In a study of the impact of smoking on birth weight, researchers analyze birth weights (in grams) for babies born to 189 women who gave birth in 1989 at a hospital in Massachusetts. In the group 74 were categorized as "smokers" and 115 as "nonsmokers." The difference in mean birth weights (nonsmokers minus smokers) is 281.7 grams with a margin of error of 205.2 grams with 95% confidence.

a. We are 95% confident that smoking causes lower birth weights by an average of between 76.5 grams to 486.9 grams.
b. There is a 95% chance that if a woman smokes during pregnancy her baby will weigh between 76.5 grams to 486.9 grams less than if she did not smoke.
c. Smoking is associated with lower birth weights. When smokers are compared to nonsmokers, we are 95% confident that the mean weight of babies born to nonsmokers will be between 76.5 grams to 486.9 grams more than the mean birth weight of babies born to smokers.
d. With such a large margin of error, this study does not suggest that there is a difference in mean birth weights when we compare smokers to nonsmokers.

c. Smoking is associated with lower birth weights. When smokers are compared to nonsmokers, we are 95% confident that the mean weight of babies born to nonsmokers will be between 76.5 grams to 486.9 grams more than the mean birth weight of babies born to smokers.

Step-by-step explanation:

The difference in mean birth weights (nonsmokers minus smokers) is 281.7 grams with a margin of error of 205.2 grams with 95% confidence.

Then, we know that the 95% confidence interval is (76.5, 486.9)

[tex]LL=M-MOE=281.7-205.2=76.5\\\\UL=M-MOE=281.7+205.2=486.9[/tex]

a. We are 95% confident that smoking causes lower birth weights by an average of between 76.5 grams to 486.9 grams.

False, it interprets the confidence interval as a probability for individual cases. The confidence interval is a range for the population mean.

b. There is a 95% chance that if a woman smokes during pregnancy her baby will weigh between 76.5 grams to 486.9 grams less than if she did not smoke.

False, it interprets the confidence interval as a probability for individual cases. The confidence interval is a range for the population mean.

c. Smoking is associated with lower birth weights. When smokers are compared to nonsmokers, we are 95% confident that the mean weight of babies born to nonsmokers will be between 76.5 grams to 486.9 grams more than the mean birth weight of babies born to smokers.

True.

d. With such a large margin of error, this study does not suggest that there is a difference in mean birth weights when we compare smokers to nonsmokers.

There is enough evidence, as the lower bound of the confidence is positive. This means that there is only a probability of 0.05/2=0.025 that the true mean weight difference is smaller than 76.5 grams.