This military action, taken in accord with United Nations resolutions and with the consent of the United States Congress, follows months of constant and virtually endless diplomatic activity on the part of the United Nations, the United States, and many, many other countries. Arab leaders sought what became known as an Arab solution, only to conclude that Saddam Hussein was unwilling to leave Kuwait. Others traveled to Baghdad in a variety of efforts to restore peace and justice. Our Secretary of State, James Baker, held an historic meeting in Geneva, only to be totally rebuffed. This past weekend, in a last-ditch effort, the Secretary-General of the United Nations went to the Middle East with peace in his heart—his second such mission. And he came back from Baghdad with no progress at all in getting Saddam Hussein to withdraw from Kuwait.

Now the 28 countries with forces in the Gulf area have exhausted all reasonable efforts to reach a peaceful resolution—have no choice but to drive Saddam from Kuwait by force. We will not fail.

–Address to the nation announcing allied
military action in the Persian Gulf,
President George H. W. Bush, 1991

Why does President Bush believe that pursuing an Arab solution to the Kuwait invasion is no longer possible?

Secretary of State Baker was rebuffed by Arab leaders at the meeting in Geneva.
The United Nations and the US Congress have both given up on diplomacy.
Middle Eastern leaders have demanded military action.
Saddam Hussein is unwilling to leave Kuwait despite the efforts of Arab leaders.

James Addison Baker III is an attorney, statesman, and Republican politician from the United States. President Ronald Reagan appointed him as White House Chief of Staff and US Secretary of the Treasury, and President George H. W. Bush appointed him as US Secretary of State and White House Chief of Staff.

What happened on August 2,1990?

On August 2, 1990, Iraq attacked Kuwait. Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi president, has long had intentions for Kuwait's territory, wealth, and oil. The invasion broke international law, and the Bush administration was concerned about Iraq's control of Kuwait's oil reserves. At the start of the occupation, Arab countries joined the US to establish an alliance in order to force Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait or face the consequences.

After months of accords and diplomatic efforts, the situation had not improved. Iraq was hesitant to leave Kuwait, and George Bush's government was skeptical that economic sanctions would change Hussein's decision.

What actions did United Nations Security council took?

The United Nations Security Council enacted Resolution 678 in November, allowing member states to expel Iraq from Kuwait by 15 January using "all reasonable means." As the deadline approached, Bush frequently spoke of the issue in moral terms, portraying Saddam Hussein as the epitome of evil and emphasizing the dictator's human rights crimes.

In December, President Bush proposed that the government exhaust all diplomatic and peace-making efforts before resorting to war as a last resort. In an effort to find a solution, Bush suggested sending State Secretary Baker to Iraq to meet with Hussein. The President, on the other hand, made it clear that Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait would be complete and unconditional. Despite Baker's arrival in Geneva, Switzerland, to meet with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz, the talks fell through, with Hussein rebuffing Bush's efforts.

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