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The opposing economic and political philosophies of the United States and the Soviet Union led to ________ competition.
Long-term Consequences of World War II
• Death toll in Europe, Africa, and Asia estimated at over __________
• War created numerous problems with long-term _____________
Demographic and Social Consequences
• _______ war in which civilian deaths outnumbered military ones
• Millions move due to destruction and changes in _________ borders
• Hunger, disease increase
Economic and Environmental Consequences
Tanks and bombs destroyed _________________
Forests ___________; farmland destroyed
Western European nations _____________ faster
_______________ rebuilds more slowly
Allies Become Enemies
Yalta Conference: A Postwar Plan
• In February 1945, British, American, Soviet leaders meet at _______
• They agree to divide _________ into zones of occupation when WWII ends
• Soviet leader _______ agrees to allow free elections in Eastern Europe
Creation of the United Nations and Geneva Conventions
• June 1945, 50 nations form ____________________—international organization
• All members represented in _____________________; 11 on Security Council
• Five permanent members have Security Council __________________
• Many nations gather to create the ____________________________:
- treaties on the treatment of civilians, POWs, and those injured during wartime
Differing U.S. and Soviet Philosophy and Goals
• U.S. and Soviets _______ sharply after WWII ends
• _______ is world’s richest and most powerful country after WWII
• Soviets recovering from high war casualties, many destroyed _______
Eastern Europe’s Iron Curtain
Soviets Build a Buffer
• Soviets control _______________________ countries after World War II
• Stalin installs ___________________ governments in several countries
• Truman urges free elections; __________ refuses
• In 1946, Stalin says ____________________________________ cannot co-exist
An Iron Curtain Divides East and West
Germany divided; East Germany Communist, West Germany Democratic
______________—Winston Churchill’s name for the division of Europe
United States Tries to Contain Soviets
• __________________—U.S. plan to stop the spread of communism
• ___________________—U.S. supports countries that reject communism
• Congress approves Truman’s request for aid to ____________________
The Marshall Plan
Much of Western Europe lay in ruins after World War II
__________________—U.S. program of assisting Western European countries
Congress approves plan after Communist takeover of _________________________
The Berlin Airlift
• In _______, U.S., Britain, France withdraw forces from West Germany
• Their former occupation zones form one country
• Soviets oppose this, stop land and water traffic into _________________
• West Berlin, located in ________ occupation zone, faces starvation
• U.S., Britain fly in _______________ for 11 months until the blockade ends
Assistance to Asian Nations
• President Truman initiates ________________ program to assist non-European nations
• Provides expertise to build up ____________, public health, and education
The Cold War Divides the World
• __________—struggle of U.S., Soviet Union using means short of war
Superpowers Form Rival Alliances
• In 1949, U.S., Canada, West European countries form _______
• __________—North Atlantic Treaty Organization, defensive military alliance
• In 1955, Soviets, Eastern European nations sign ________________ alliance
• In 1961, Soviets build _________________ to separate East and West Berlin
The Threat of Nuclear War
• Soviet Union explodes its first _______________ in 1949
• U.S. and Soviet Union both develop more powerful _____________________
• ____________________—policy of willingness to go to the edge of war
• Increasing tensions lead to military buildup by _____________________
The Cold War in the Skies
In 1957, Soviets launch ___________, first unmanned satellite
In 1960, Soviets ____________________ American spy plane, increasing tensions
