Answer:
Enslaved Africans and Native Americans merged this with their own deities, creating a hybrid set of beliefs and practices: Catholicism.
Japanese thinkers responded by promoting "native learning" and stressing the uniqueness of Shinto and other Japanese traditions: Chinese Buddhism.
The Ottoman ulama stopped Ibrahim Muteferrika from disseminating these texts: European scholarship.
Chinese scholars responded by insisting that foreign scholars recognize China's centrality and importance in the world: Italian mapmaking.
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