Answer:
D. Instrumental conditioning
Explanation: -
Instrumental conditioning - Operant learning is another name for instrumental conditioning. In this conditioning, punishment may increase or decrease the chances that behavior will repeat again.
In the given question, Claudia who is a marketing consultant advised giving free membership in a particular club in order to recommend brand equity. Thus this shows Claudia is using reinforcement to build the behavior of the customer which can or cannot be long-lasting.