Answer:
Explanation:
Football hooliganism refers to unruly, violent, and destructive behavior by overzealous supporters of soccer clubs. Behaviors include brawling, vandalism, and intimidation. Football hooliganism normally involves conflict between gangs formed for the specific purpose of intimidating and physically attacking supporters of other teams.
Conflict may take place before, during or after matches. Participants often select locations away from the stadium to avoid arrest by the police, but conflict can also occur spontaneously inside the stadium or in the surrounding streets. In such cases, shop windows may be smashed, and police cars may be overturned. In some cases, hooligans, police, and bystanders have been killed, and riot police have intervened with tear gas, police dogs, armored vehicles and water cannons.
HISTORY OF HOOLIGANISM
While hooliganism can be traced back to the 14th century, the first modern instance occurred during the 1880s in England. Gangs of supporters would intimidate neighborhoods and attack referees, opposing supporters, and players. By the 1960s, an average of 25 hooligan incidents were being reported each year in England. The label "football hooliganism" first began to appear in the English media around that time.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS
Football hooliganism has factors in common with juvenile delinquency, and involvement is often the result of a person’s need for group identity, interaction with like-minded people, feelings of legitimacy, and a desire for power. In many countries, football hooliganism is also associated with racism, and abuse of non-white players is common.
Several countries have taken measures to prevent hooliganism by banning weapons inside the stadiums, separating fans of opposing teams, and sometimes not allowing any fans to witness specific games at all. Although most recent incidents are less violent than in the past, hooliganism continues to be an issue despite these measures. Recent seasons have seen an increase in hooliganism incidents, including gun attacks and intense verbal abuse and shaming. In December 2010, 14 people were injured when missiles were thrown onto the field and rocket flares were set off in the stands; two years later, a goalkeeper was attacked by a fan who had previously been banned from every soccer stadium in the UK. Thousands of fans, players, and referees have been injured or killed because of hooliganism, either at the hands of opposing hooligans, police attempting to control crowds, or other fans stampeding.
Football hooliganism directs to fierce, destructive behavior by the overeager supporters of soccer clubs. It generally involved a confrontation between gangs formed for the specific purpose of intimidating and physically attacking supporters of other teams.
Hooliganism, by creating the appearance that observing the game is not safe, tends to reduce attendance. Hooliganism is considered a hate crime.
Banning orders have proved a key weapon against hooliganism. England introduced the actin 1989 to prevent hooliganism activities and imposed such restrictions on violators, ban from the stadium, from public places, cities and even for traveling to abroad.
Therefore such strict actions are required in football hooliganism.
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