How does incumbency affect a candidate's chances for reelection?
a. Incumbency has no effect on the outcome of elections.
b. Incumbents have a record to criticize and are therefore at a disadvantage in elections.
c. Incumbency is an advantage in running for Congress but a disadvantage in running for other offices.
d. The incumbent candidate almost always has an advantage.
e. The amount of funds raised by an incumbent decline once a voting record is established.