As a high-school principal, Dr. Ilka is interested in whether the fifth-grade students have better math skills than the third and first graders. To answer her question she presents children in each of the three grades with the same math test during the same school year and then compares the scores. Dr. Ilka’s study utilized a ________ design.

As a high-school principal, Dr. Ilka is interested in whether the fifth-grade students have better math skills than the third and first graders. To answer her question she presents children in each of the three grades with the same math test during the same school year and then compares the scores. Dr. Ilka’s study utilized a cross-sectional design.

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