a. the Townshend Duties
Explanation:
- An introduction to future problems was the Townshend Acts, which was passed by the British Parliament in 1767.
- It increased customs duties in the American colonies to compensate for England's tax cuts.
- The law was designed by the ambitious but clumsy then British Treasury Secretary Charles Townshend.
- The laws were greeted with a knife from the start and provoked a lot of protests (the Boston Massacre), but Boston merchants settled down and started smuggling goods they bought from Dutch merchants, which was mostly tea - because it paid to be transported. Because of all this, but mostly because of its total failure, the British Parliament withdrew those laws in 1773.
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