Answer:
D) the passing of the Tariff of 1828
Explanation:
"Calhoun openly argued for a state's right to secede from the Union, as a last resort to protect its liberty and sovereignty. In his later years, Madison rebuked supporters of nullification, stating that no state had the right to nullify federal law. "
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun
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