Jarrett, a university student, was hit by a car while crossing the street. He sustained serious injuries and required surgery. His rehabilitation has been painstakingly slow. Recently, Jarrett was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. State the five symptoms that Jarrett will experience as a result of having this disorder.

In general, the PTSD symptoms broadly fall into four categories – intrusiveness, avoidance, negative shift of thoughts, physical and emotional changes.

Intrusiveness exhibits through recollection of the traumatic distressing incidence in the form of re-experiences through bad dreams, nightmares, flashbacks, or just thinking.

Avoidance exhibited through total emotional blackout or numbness and avoiding things which remind of the traumatic incidence; like in the case of Jarrett might avoid the street where the accident took place, getting frightened to cross the road again or at the sight of a car coming across, etc.

Negative shift of thoughts, mood or feelings leading to a hopelessness situations, feeling hatred towards people, a feel of loneliness, lack of motivation and interest, tough to maintain connections or relationships.

Physical and emotional changes like sleep disturbances, concentration problems, irritations, aggressiveness, guilt, shame etc.