a, b, d - bonding electrons
c - lone pair
Explanation:
In a covalent bond two electrons are shared by the neighboring atoms. We usually express the chemical bonds with lines between the two atoms involved. You have to know that this line represent two electrons.
Sometimes in organic compounds we may find double bonds. Even if the bonds are formed by different atomic orbitals, two electrons will form a bond and other two will form the other bond.
Not all the electrons are involved in bonds and some atoms, as oxygen, nitrogen or halogens (in the framework of the organic chemistry), poses lone pairs of electrons. These are evidenced by the arrow (c).
Learn more about:
covalent bonds
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