Question

Which war ended the dominance of Spain and Philip II? Explain why this war caused Philip II’s downfall in detail.

Answer 1

War that ended the dominance of Spain and Philip II was the one against Elizabeth I of England.

After the death of Mary I, relations between England and Spain deteriorated sharply due to a policy pursued by her successor, Queen Elizabeth I. The aim of this invasion was to prevent England from assisting the United Dutch Provinces, which were then part of Spain, and to prevent further attacks by English pirates on Spanish possessions in America and galleys transporting gold. Philip did not tolerate Elizabeth's permission for this pirate, and he failed to resolve the disagreement with her through diplomatic channels. He took the papal bull issued by Pope  as the official reason for the invasion, declaring Elizabeth a heretic, and the execution of a Catholic, ousted Queen Mary I of Scotland and to elect a new English monarch.

Explanation:

• The armada initially had a very experienced commander, Álvaro de Bazán, but he died in February 1588, so the Duke of Medina took his place. The fleet set off with 22 Spanish Royal Navy warships and 108 merchant ships adapted for combat. The intention was to cross La Manche, to anchor in Flanders where the Duke of Parma was waiting ready to invade southeast England.
• The Armada reached its first objective and anchored in the North Sea not far from the Gravelines, on the maritime border between France and Spain. While waiting for communications with the Duke of Parma, English warships fired at Spanish ships, forced them to anchor and leave the meeting place with the Duke of Parma.
• The army was able to regroup and retreat north while being chased by English ships. The return to Spain was also devastating - strong storms diverted the fleet and more than 24 ships were killed off the north and west coast of Ireland, while survivors found refuge in Scotland. The fleet lost about fifty vessels from its initial 22 galleys and 108 armed merchant vessels.

Class: History

Level: Middle level

Keywords: Philip II, Duke of Parma, Elizabeth I

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