Answer:
1. b-Leonardo Bruni
2. b-microhistory
3. b-bottom-up individual
4. a-anthropology
5. b-books can be either primary or secondary sources
6. c-Herodotus
7. c-the diary of a Civil War soldier
8. a-Herodotus
9. a-primary source
10. a-a jackhammer
Explanation:
1. Leonardo Bruni is considered to be the first modern historian and his book "History of the Florentine People" is considered to be the first modern history book. He lived during the Renaissance which was a period where a lot of new knowledge was generated and Bruni's main contributions were in the area of history. He was the first person to use a three-period view of history which included Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Modern Era, thus laying the groundwork for the development of modern history.
2. The study of the supply chains of the Civil War would fall under the scope of 'microhistory' because it is focusing on a small and regional historical event. Microhistory is the study of small-scale historical events or places. It's areas of study will usually be a community, a specific aspect of an event, a small region, or even an individual. In the case of the Civil War's supply chains, the study would focus only on one aspect of the event, thus falling under the category of microhistory.
3. The study of colonial farmers during the American Revolution would be considered a bottom-up individual scale because it studies the event from the perspective of ordinary people. In this example, the farmers would be considered ordinary people on the bottom of the social hierarchy, so a study focusing on this groups would be a bottom-up approach. This differs from the more common top-down scale which studies history from the perspective of the upper class.
4. Archaeology is one of the four fields of Anthropology. Anthropology is a large discipline that is divided into: Social Anthropology (also known as Cultural Anthropology), Linguistics, Physical Anthropology (or Biological Anthropology), and Archaeology. All branches of Anthropology study the human being, but each one studies it from a different perspective. Archaeology studies past human societies based on the material remains that were left behind.
5. Books are one of the most valuable tools for a historian. There are different kinds of books according to the information they contain. Primary sources are books that were written during the historical period being studied, for example, if you were doing a historical study on World War I (1914-1918), a primary source would be a book written during that period. In contrast, secondary sources are more recent books that contain information about a historical period or event.
6. Herodotus is considered to be the 'father' of history. He was the first person to record information about many of the ancient cultures. During his life he traveled to many places and began to write down and record what he learned. He wrote several books about Greece, Egypt, and Persia and many consider him to be the first person to write a systematical historical narrative. Later historians have analyzed Herodotus' work and concluded that most of his accounts are accurate.
7. The diary of a Civil War soldier would be a primary source because it is a document written during a historical event and by a person who lived through the event. As mentioned in question 5, primary sources are documents, books, or even material remains that directly correspond to the historical period or event being studied. These are original sources that provide very valuable information to historians and archaeologists.
8. Herodotus is considered to be the 'father of history' because he is the first person to systematically record events that happened. As explained in question 6, Herodotus traveled around Greece, Persia, and Egypt and carefully wrote down what he learned about these cultures and the important events that had happened, such as wars. His first book was called The Histories and in it he narrated the events of the Greco-Persian Wars.
9. A copy of the Declaration of Independence would be considered a primary source because it is a document that was written during the Revolutionary War. Even if you do not have the actual original document, a copy or transcription of the Declaration is still considered a primary source because the information it contains still corresponds to the original historical event.
10. An archaeologist would not use a jackhammer because it could cause damage to the material remains being excavated. Material remains can be very fragile and must, therefore, be excavated with extreme care. Another reason why a jackhammer would not be used has to do with the excavation methods used by archaeologists. Typically a site is excavated by stratigraphic layers that are often only a few inches deep. This is done to keep a precise record of all the material remains found.
