Answer:
e. The classical perspective
Explanation:
The Total Quality Management approach was started after the second World War. It was developed by William Edwards Deming to improve the quality of products in Japan.
Human relations movement studies how workplace relations affect productivity. It was started in the 1930's.
Behavioral sciences approach is a more comprehensive study of organizational development which includes fields of psychology, social neuroscience, and cognitive science. It was started in 1930's.
Classical perspective was the approach through which how factors influence productivity was studied. It was started after the industrial revolution in the nineteenth and early twentieth century.