Answer: CONSERVATISM and LIBERALISM
Details:
In the 19th century, "conservative" and "liberal" were first coming into vogue as terms for political viewpoints. What "conservative" and "liberal" meant then was different from what those terms mean in politics today. 19th century conservatives wanted to conserve and preserve the historic traditions of government and society. For societies like France and elsewhere on the continent of Europe, that meant going back to monarchs in control of government, as things had been before the French Revolution. Liberals were those who favored liberty for individuals, with greater rights and freedoms. So the various answers that spoke of voting rights, elected parliaments, and democratic change -- those all were measures favored by liberals in the 19th century, not conservatives.
Here are some further points of distinction between the views of 19th century conservatives vs. 19th century liberals:
CONSERVATISM -
- The state is more important than the individual person
- Monarchy and aristocracy should rule
- Traditions / institutions are to be preserved
- Personal liberties must be restricted for the good of the state
- Revolution must be repressed
- Democracy was not seen as good
LIBERALISM:
- Individuals are all important
- Reduce restraints imposed by government
- Allow free thought and expression
- Impose laws only as needed to protect other individuals
- Apply liberalism to economics too - laissez-faire policies
