B is momentum. It's a quantity of motion, or "how much stuff is moving"
C is *almost* kinetic energy but it's missing an exponent of 2 on the velocity, v.
D is an amound of work done in moving something a distance d while applying a constant force F.
That leaves A. This is the potential energy of an object of mass m, in a gravitational acceleration g, at a height h above the reference point (usually the ground)
