Answer : The orbitals that are used to form each indicated bond in citric acid is given below as per the attachment.
Answer 1) σ Bond a : C has [tex] SP^{2} [/tex] O has [tex] SP^{2} [/tex] .
Explanation : The orbitals of oxygen and carbon which are involved in [tex] SP^{2} [/tex] hybridization to form sigma bonds. This is observed at 'a' position in the citric acid molecule.
Answer 2) π Bond a: C has π orbitals and O also has π orbitals.
Explanation : The pi-bond at the 'a'position has carbon and oxygen atoms which undergoes pi-bond formation. And has pi orbitals of oxygen and carbon involved in the bonding process.
Answer 3) Bond b: O [tex] SP^{3} [/tex] H has only S orbital involved in bonding.
Explanation : The bonding at 'b' position involves oxygen [tex] SP^{3} [/tex] hydrogen atoms in it. It has [tex] SP^{3} [/tex] hybridized orbitals and S orbital of hydrogen involved in the bonding.
Answer 4) Bond c: C is [tex] SP^{3} [/tex] O is also [tex] SP^{3} [/tex]
Explanation : The bonding involved at 'c' position has carbon and oxygen atoms involved in it. Both the atoms involves the orbitals of [tex] SP^{3} [/tex] hybridized bonds.
Answer 5) Bond d: C atom has [tex] SP^{3} [/tex] C atom has [tex] SP^{3} [/tex]
Explanation : At the position of 'd' the bonding between two carbon atoms is found to be [tex] SP^{3} [/tex]. Therefore, the orbitals that undergo [tex] SP^{3} [/tex] hybridization are [tex] SP^{3} [/tex].
Answer 6) Bond e : C1 containing O [tex] SP^{2} [/tex]
C2 is [tex] SP^{3} [/tex]
Explanation : The carbon atom which contains oxygen along with a double bond has [tex] SP^{2} [/tex] hybridized orbitals involved in the bonding process; whereas the carbon at C2 has [tex] SP^{3} [/tex] hybridized orbitals involved during the bonding. This is for the 'e' position.
