the phases of the Moon are the Moon's shadow on itself. Since the Moon is roughly spherical, and the angle between the Earth, Moon and Sun changes constantly, we see different portions of the Moon lit up at any given time. This is the cause of the phases. A lunar eclipse is not the shadow of the Moon hiding the Moon, but rather the shadow of the Earth falling on the Moon.
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A comet is an icy body that releases gas or dust. They are often compared to dirty snowballs, though recent research has led some scientists to call them snowy dirtballs. Comets contain dust, ice, carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane and more. Some researchers think comets might have originally brought some of the water and organic molecules to Earth that now make up life here.
