During chemiosmosis
a. ATP moves down its concentration gradient from the intermembrane space into the matrix.
b. ATP synthesis is coupled to the movement of protons (H+) from the intermembrane space into the matrix.
c. NADH dehydrogenase, the bc1 complex, and the cytochrome oxidase complex move electrons by osmosis.
d. water leaves the matrix, which causes the matrix to shrink and increase the number of folds in the inner membrane.
