The observed element times and performance ratings collected in a direct time study are indicated in the table below. The snapback timing method was used. The PFD allowance in the plant is 14%.All elements are regular elements in the work cycle. Determine (a) the normal time and (b) the standard time for the cycle.
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Work element a b c d
Observed time (min) 0.22 0.41 0.30 0.37
Performance rating(%) 90 120 100 90
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