Paolo Macchiarini, a thoracic surgeon (featured in the show Dr. Death), implanted untested biosynthetic tracheas into patients – telling them his "groundbreaking" invention would restore them to health but never explaining to them (or his medical colleagues) how it possibly could work. Later, when the patients were suffering, he was nowhere to be found to answer questions or help with post-operative complications. Macchiarini engaged in ________.
1) communicative action
2) informed consent
3) strategic action
4) all of the above
