Troy works in finance for a company that manufactures aerosol disinfectant sprays in the United States. His company, like many other companies in the United States, imports aluminum from overseas. He noticed in 2017 that the price of aluminum had increased, and that as a result, his company’s overall profit had decreased. This increase in aluminum prices was a direct result of an increase in ______.

a) Exchange rates
b) Inflation
c) Tariffs
d) Demand