A 78-year-old male resident at a long-term care facility, who is a former business executive, has been smoking and extinguishing cigarettes in a paper cup in areas where smoking is prohibited. He has been informed repeatedly of the designated smoking areas. The resident's behavior indicates an attempt to ________.
1) express self-transcendence
2) maintain autonomy by exercising control
3) maintain his previous professional role
4) react against the facility's ageism
