Fill in the blanks to complete the passage on youth culture in Western Europe in the 1950s and 1960s.

a) Jazz music and rebellious fashion choices emerged as symbols of teenage _____________.
b) The Beat Generation, influenced by American literature, rejected societal norms and embraced ____________.
c) The rise of rock 'n' roll, led by artists like Elvis Presley, fueled a new era of youth ____________.
d) This period marked the beginning of a cultural shift toward more liberal and ___________ attitudes.