How does an experimental research design differ from a nonexperimental research design?
a. Experimental designs allow observation of a phenomenon as it naturally occurs,
and nonexperimental designs permit environmental manipulation.
b. Nonexperimental designs manipulate the dependent variable, and experimental
designs manipulate the independent variable.
c. Nonexperimental designs attempt to test differences among variables, and
experimental designs attempt to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
d. Experimental designs are scientific, and nonexperimental designs have no
scientific basis.
