james did not like the fact that he had no input in his productivity goal. because of this, his goal-directed effort was low and he did not take it as seriously as if he had set the same goal himself. carol always tries extremely hard to reach her performance goal. she takes it personally when she falls short, which rarely happens because she is so dedicated to reaching it. carol's goal commitment is high. after organizational and subsidiary goals are set, each manager meets with each subordinate to explain the unit goals to the subordinate. together the two determine how the subordinate can contribute to the unit's goals most effectively. this is called management by objectives .
