can be printed using an exception object to show the list of pending method calls. this is the superclass of exception and error. this keyword is used to explicitly raise an exception. this method can be used to compare strings: this exception is raised when a file ends unexpectedly when reading. when the user clicks a button, a(n) is generated if we try to access a negative index in an array then the exception thrown is: this provides a test you can turn off. this function yields a new string, removing leading and trailing whitespace.
