"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina in Convention assembled, do declare and ordain…That the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities…and, more especially…[the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832]…are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof, and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State, its officers or citizens.…And we, the People of South Carolina…Do further Declare that we will not submit to the application of force, on the part of the Federal Government, to reduce this State to obedience; but that we will consider the passage, by Congress, of any act…to coerce the State…to be null and void, inconsistent with the longer continuance of South Carolina in the Union…"
The excerpt above best exemplifies which of the following historical developments or processes in the first half of American history?
a. The support or resistance of various American groups or individuals to the expansion of territory
b. The reemergence of a two-party political system as various constituencies and interest groups coalesced and defined their agendas
c. The assertion of Southern regional pride in slavery and the insistence of many whites in the South that the federal government defend slavery
d. Resistance from state governments in the North and the South at different times to federal attempts to assert authority over them
