secondary active transport is: a. the antiport process of transporting species in opposite directions. b. establishment of a cation or anion gradient with an atpase that subsequently drives transport of an amino acid or sugar against a concentration gradient. c. establishment of an atp gradient across a membrane that drives uptake of sugars. d. symport of malate and glutamate so that metabolism can synthesize atp. e. the use of an atpase to establish an anion or cation gradient.
