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In an argumentative text, the author must include evidence from research to prove their thesis. We readers must EVALUATE that evidence, judging if it’s accurate.

Let’s do that for Outliers, beginning with Gladwell’s CLAIM, or thesis, which ends his first paragraph:
The closer psychologists look at the careers of the gifted, the smaller the role innate talent seems to play and the bigger the role preparation seems to play.

In other words, Gladwell says that . . .